As arguments about the institution of slavery were beginning to boil over in the U.S. capital in 1835, a series of events played out that led to destructive violence. Part one covers the overlapping catalysts and the earliest parts of the riot.
Research:
- Provine, Dorothy. “The Economic Position of the Free Blacks in the District of Columbia, 1800-1860.” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 58, no. 1, 1973, pp. 61–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2717156
- Brown, Letitia W. “Residence Patterns of Negroes in the District of Columbia, 1800-1860.” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., vol. 69/70, 1969, pp. 66–79. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40067705
- “[From the National Intelligencer],” The Liberator. August 29, 1835. https://www.newspapers.com/image/34584454
- Pacheco, Josephine F. “The Pearl: A Failed Slave Escape on the Potomac.” University of North Caroline Press. 2010.
- “Excitement at Washington City.” Georgia Journal and Messenger. August 27, 1835. https://www.newspapers.com/image/851675649
- “Trial in Washington for Circulating Incendiary Publications.” The Liberator. April 30, 1836. https://www.newspapers.com/image/34584596/?terms=Reuben%20Crandall&match=1
- “Disturbance in Washington.” Tarborot Press. August 22, 1835. https://www.newspapers.com/image/67757810/?terms=beverly%20snow&match=1
- Vile, John R. “Trial of Reuben Crandall (1835-1836).” The First Amendment Encyclopedia. https://www.mtsu.edu:8443/first-amendment/article/1606/trial-of-reuben-crandall
- “The First Fruits.” The Biblical Recorder (reprinted from National Intelligencer.” August 26, 1835. https://www.newspapers.com/image/90195350/?terms=%22mrs.%20thornton%22&match=1
- “Another Riot.” Daily Commercial Advertiser. August 20, 1835. https://www.newspapers.com/image/263385346/?terms=beverly%20snow&match=1
- Kramer, Neil S. “The Trial of Reuben Crandall.” Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C., vol. 50, 1980, pp. 123–39. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40067812
- “Trial of Reuben Crandall.” Vermont Telegraph. May 6, 1836. https://www.newspapers.com/image/328451513/?clipping_id=45321292&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjMyODQ1MTUxMywiaWF0IjoxNjc1MTA3NTg0LCJleHAiOjE2NzUxOTM5ODR9.Ki9geAOoayqxx41vgJwd307rAPY8HTGig1EaiS6jcY0
- Sharp, John G. “History of the Washington Navy Yard Civilian Workforce, 1799-1962.” Naval District Washington – Washington Navy Yard. 2005. https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/browse-by-topic/heritage/washington-navy-yard/pdfs/WNY_History.pdf
- “Reports of Cases Civil and Criminal in the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, from 1801 to 1841, Volume 4.” United States, Circuit Court (District of Clumbia.) Little, Brown.1852. Accessed online: https://books.google.com/books?id=qWIsAAAAYAAJ&d
- Cole, S. (1991). Changes for Mrs. Thornton’s Arthur: Patterns of Domestic Service in Washington, DC, 1800–1835. Social Science History, 15(3), 367-379. doi:10.1017/S0145553200021180
- Morley, Jefferson. “The ‘Snow Riot.’” Washington Post. Feb. 6, 2005. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/2005/02/06/the-snow-riot/0514ba84-54dd-46ac-851c-ff74856fcef4/
- Morley, Jefferson. “Snow-Storm in August: Washington City, Francis Scott Key, and the Forgotten Race Riot of 1835.” Nan A. Talese. 2012.
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